Fluida

Biogasoline Production from Shallot Skin Waste with KOH-Clay Catalyst to Create Clean Energy

Dhea Nurul Amalia — 2023-11-30

Finding alternative fuels to replace fossil fuels has been made easier by the rise in the consumption of fuels like petrol and the fall in the production of national petroleum exploration activities. This research has been prompted using biomass as an alternative fuel. The primary raw material is shallot skin waste because it has enough lignocellulosic content to be used, one of which is to manufacture biogasoline by using the characteristics of petrol E10. A KOH-Clay catalyst is employed in a thermal and catalytic reaction to influence the reaction's pace. Starting with raw material preparation, conversion procedure, purification, and investigation of the physical properties of biogasoline at specific temperature fluctuations for an hour, the KOH-Clay catalyst is pretreated and characterised. It was discovered through this research that the montmorillonite KOH-Clay content was 5.73, indicating that the catalyst is hygroscopic and absorbs non-polar molecules, making it suitable for use as a catalyst with a pH of 6. As a result, at 60°C temperature circumstances, the best%yield results were attained of 35.025%. While the density value (0.950 gr/cm3) and colour (specific gravity, brownish yellow, and clear/bright) of the experimental results do not meet predetermined standards, they do when viewed from the viewpoint of physical parameters such as specific gravity (0.8358), oAPI biogasoline (37.794), and calorific value (18807.65 Btu/Ib). However, leftover shallot peels generally have the potential to be utilised as clean renewable energy.

The Effect of Plasma Electrolysis for Biodiesel Synthesis Using Waste Cooking Oil as a Raw Material and KOH Catalyst

Shoerya Shoelarta — 2023-11-30

The high consumption of cooking oil in Indonesia is directly proportional to the production of used cooking oil waste that can pollute the environment. To overcome this problem, used cooking oil is used as a biodiesel feedstock using the plasma electrolysis method. Plasma electrolysis is a synthesis process by applying a high voltage to the process. This study aims to determine the effect of the plasma electrolysis method with variations in voltage (400 - 500 volts) and the type of reagent (methanol and ethanol) on % yield and characteristics of biodiesel. The process is carried out by reacting used cooking oil with a reagent that is given a voltage until an electric discharge occurs and two layers are formed and the calculation of the specific energy requirements for the synthesis process is carried out. The results show that at a voltage of 500 volts with methanol reagent produces a yield of 85.73% with characteristics according to the SNI 7128:2015 standard such as density 888.36 Kg/m3, viscosity 5.79 Cst, acid number 0.39 mg - KOH/g, content ester 97.56% and flash point 117oC with the exception of water content 0.373%, with a specific energy requirement of 1758,031 J/mL.

Coffee Beans Drying Using Pilot-Scaled Fluidized Bed Dryer Assisted with Zeolite Adsorbent

Ninik Lintang Edi Wahyuni — 2023-11-30

Drying is a common method applied to agricultural and plantation products to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. This research aims to determine the optimum temperature and humidity of the heating air for coffee beans drying in a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) without the addition of adsorbents, to study the effectiveness of zeolite adsorbent as air dehumidifier in order to improve the drying process, and to determine energy consumption in the coffee drying process in an FBD. This research was conducted using 500 grams of Arabica coffee, air temperature variations of 40⁰C, 50⁰C and 60⁰C with an average air velocity of 4.91 m/s. The addition of 1.08 kg of zeolite as an adsorbent was carried out to improve process performance and to reduce the drying time. Coffee bean quality was determined by moisture test using gravimetric method, protein test using Kjeldahl’s method and carbohydrate test using Luff-Schoorl’s method. The results showed that the optimum conditions for drying coffee beans to reduce the moisture content from 28% to 12.45% using an FBD without adsorbent were obtained at a drying air temperature of 50⁰C with a drying time of 3 hours. Coffee bean drying assisted by Zeolite adsorbent was able to reduce the drying time by 11% with the most efficient energy consumption of 76,200 kJ/kg.

The Effect of Papaya Leaf Concentration and Fermentation Time on The Decafeination Process of Robusta Coffee

Tri Hariyadi — 2023-11-30

High level of caffeine in Robusta coffee requires the reduction of level to accommodate person with low caffeine tolerance. The wet fermentation process with papaya leaf extract containing the papain enzyme was used to decaffeinate the coffee. This study aimed to investigate the effects of papaya leaf extract concentration and sampling time on the decaffeination of Robusta coffee green beans. The papaya leaf extract concentration ranged from 10% to 80% (w/v), with fermentation lasting 6 to 72 hours. The caffeine content was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and organoleptic tests were performed on 40 untrained panelists. The results showed that both the concentration of papaya leaf extract and the fermentation time influenced the decaffeination. The optimum result was obtained after 48 hours of fermentation with 80% (w/v) papaya leaf extract resulting in a caffeine content of 0.268% (w/w) from an initial content of 1.20% (w/w), representing a 77.82% decrease in caffeine level efficiency. Fermented coffee was preferred by 58% of panellists over unfermented coffee. These findings imply that papain found in papaya leaves can reduce caffeine levels while also improving flavor and aroma.

Effect of Hydrolysis and Amount of Yeast on Banana Peel Fermentation into Bioethanol

Luthfi Kurnia Dewi — 2023-11-30

Recently, renewable energy sources are needed to meet human energy needs, one of which is bioethanol. Bioethanol can be made from banana peels. Banana peel contains starch which has the potential to be converted into bioethanol through fermentation. There are factors that affect fermentation including the number of microorganisms and glucose levels. One method to increase glucose levels is hydrolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hydrolysis and the amount of yeast on bioethanol levels in banana peel fermentation. The research variables used were hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed banana peel substrates, as well as variations in the amount of yeast as much as 3 grams; 4.5 grams; and 6 grams. From this research, it was found that hydrolysis causes an increase in glucose levels in the substrate due to the conversion of starch to glucose. Increased glucose levels can affect the yield of bioethanol. The bioethanol content of the hydrolyzed substrate fermentation is 9%-9.5% greater than the bioethanol content of the non-hydrolyzed substrate fermentation of 3%-3.5%. The difference in the amount of yeast used in banana peel fermentation has an effect on the bioethanol content but not significantly enough because the amount of yeast will depend on the glucose content in the substrate.

Potential of Gypsum Waste as a Substitution and Filler Material in Concrete Manufacturing

Muhammad Rahman Rambe — 2023-11-30

Gypsum is a dental and construction material that used only at certain times. Gypsum waste can be mixed with food waste so that it endangers the environment. The gypsum waste needs to be separated and recycled. This study examines the potential use of gypsum waste as substitute and filler material in concrete manufacture, including: gypsum characteristic based on XRF, concrete maximum load, concrete compressive strength, concrete water absorption and heavy metal concentration analysis. Gypsum compositions used is 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The gypsum characterization results showed that there was 98.92% oxide, gypsum was included in type III gypsum, heavy metals such as: Fe = 10 ppm and Al = 16500 ppm, metallic elements such as: Si = 1950 ppm, Ca = 182900 ppm, Mg = 4560 ppm, K = 2200 ppm, and non-metallic elements namely: P = 580 ppm. The highest and lowest of maximum load and concrete compressive strength in the gypsum use as substitute and filler material are produced at the addition of 50% and 10% gypsum, respectively. The gypsum addition as substitute or filler material reduces the concrete water percentage. The heavy metals concentrations resulting from the 28-day-old concrete immersion were: Fe = <0.084 ppm and Al = <0.156 ppm.

The Effect of Antimicrobial Extract on The Characteristics of Tomatoes Coated by Edible Coating based on Tapioca Flour

Fitria Yulistiani — 2023-11-30

The edible coating is a food coating material inhibitor of transpiration and respiration. Layer is not fully effective in preventing food spoilage. The spoilage process can occur more quickly if fruit with high moisture content has infected. The research aimed to determine optimum concentration of antimicrobial extract in maintaining shelf life and shrinkage of tomatoes, dominant bacteria in fruit spoilage, between Escherichia coli or staphylococcus. Figure out antimicrobial extracts that are effective in preventing microbial growth. Research begins with the extraction process, testing the active compounds in the extract, combining edible coatings and white turmeric and bitter melon extract with concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 100 respectively), tomato fruit coating. The tests included shelf life, weight loss, best antimicrobial extract, and inhibition diameter. The results more concentration of the extract made the shelf life longer to 14 days and reduced shrinkage by 3.53%. Secondary metabolite compounds in the form of saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The minimum concentration of 30% bitter melon and white turmeric extract to prevent bacterial activity and the diameter of the inhibition zone in the range of 10-12 mm showed the extract had the moderate ability. The more dominant bacteria in tomato fruit rot is Staphylococcus aureus.