An Analysis of the Translation of Cultural Words in the Novel Salah Asuhan into Never the Twain

The aims of this study are to identify the category of cultural words found in Salah Asuhan novel and to find out the translation procedures and process used in translating them into English in Never the Twain novel. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in this study. Interview with the translator was also done through e-mail to know the process of translating the cultural words. Fifty five Indonesian cultural words were found in the novel. Material culture was the most frequent cultural word category. Those cultural words were translated with the orientation to the high readability of target readers. Cultural equivalent was the most frequent translation procedures used in translating them.


Introduction
Translation is an activity which involves not only different languages but also different cultures. Toury (1978( , as cited in James, 2002 states that "Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions." Therefore, the translator does not only transfer its message from one language into another language but also transfer message from one culture into another culture, especially when translating a novel. Jendela as the source to collect the data. Forty nine cultural words were found and they were categorized into religious terms, material cultures, and social cultures. Furthermore, Abbas (2002) applied semantic analysis to identify the cultural words in target language by using theories from Nida (1969), Newmark (1988), andMatsui (1997). Abbas added transliteration of Japanese letter as a guidance for the reader. From reviewing the previous studies, analyzing translation of cultural words found in novels is always connected with its translation procedures and strategies.
However, the real procedures and strategies used by the translators have not been disclosed. In this present study, the interview with the translator of Salah Asuhan novel has revealed the process of translating the cultural words found in the novel. Newmark (1988) stated that cultural words are words related to one culture and reflect certain culture which cannot be translated literally. Natalia and Nugroho (2014) stated that cultural words are words from source language that cannot be translated into target language because of its cultural background. They named some of cultural words examples such as traditional foods, local animal or plant and places that are hard to be translated because the meaning for those cultural words may not be available in target language. Therefore, cultural words are very specific words related to a particular society's culture and they cannot be translated literally since the target language may not have equivalent words for those words.
Cultural words can be categorised into ecology, material culture (artefacts), social culturework and leisure, social organizationspolitical and administrative, and gestures and habits (Newmark, 1988). For the purpose of this research to categorize the cultural words into Newmark's cultural categories, the following criteria were used to identify the cultural words found in the novel: 1. Words having specific cultural background, such as Garuda 2. Words containing historical interest, such as meja kenap 3. Words related to specific terms to address someone, such as Nyai 4. Words related to specific traditional ornament, such as destar saluk 5. Words related to custom or tradition of a particular society, such as Pingitan The translation procedures for translating cultural terms proposed by Newmark

Methods
The data for this project is a collection of cultural words taken from the novel Salah Asuhan which has been translated into Never the Twain. The steps in analyzing the cultural words are as follows: 1. Reading the novel and identifying the cultural words 2. Copying the sentences containing cultural words 3. Categorizing the cultural words 4. Analyzing the translation procedures 5. Analyzing the translation process 6. Calculating the frequency of cultural words and translation procedures

Results and Discussion
More than 100 cultural words have been found in the original novel. They are words related to Islamic terms such as Astagfirullah, words related to other country's culture such as smocking jacket, and words related to Indonesian culture.
However, this study limited to Indonesian cultural words which are specific and related to Minangkabau culture. Fifty five Indonesian cultural words were identified and could be grouped into five categories. In terms of translation procedures based on Newmark's (1988), it could be identified the procedures applied in translating these cultural words in Salah Asuhan novel into Never the Twain, as shown in Table 2. 1. Cultural Equivalent ST: "Jika mereka menunggu piutang, apalagi Engku Sutan Batuah, haruslah mereka menerima kuangsur dengan gajiku." (p.32) TT: "If they expect me to repay my debt, especially Uncle Sutan Batuah, they will have to be content with money," (p.25) 2. Synonymy ST: "Tapi sebab begini, keadaanku, kita coba berjalan sekuat-kuatku, jika tak kuat, naik auto atau ebro." (p.106) TT: "If my knee really starts to hurt, then we can hire an auto or buggy." (p.89) 3. Descriptive Equivalent ST: "Jika ia dating ke negeri ini dengan tidak membawa nyonya sebangsa dengan dia, tidak dipandang terlalu hina, bila ia mengambil 'nyai' dari sini." (p.16) TT: "And if a white man comes to this country without bringing a wife from his homeland, it's not considered dishonorable for him to take anative woman as a concubine." (p.13) 4. Transference ST: "Yang sangat bimbang ibu memikirkan halmu dengan mamak kandungmu, Sutan Batuah, saudara tuaku seibu sebapa." (p.30) TT: "And what troubles me most is your uncle, Sutan Batuah, my own brother." (p.24) 5. Componential Analysis ST: Suara suling orang buta yang musafir di tempat-tempat perhentian kereta, sangat merawankan hatinya, dan merdulah ia terdengar oleh telinganya. The interview with the translator, Mr Susanto, revealed that the process of translating began with analyzing the structure of the language to get the meaning by reading the novel a couple of times. Then, he transferred the meaning from source language into target language and re-expressing the cultural words using familiar and readable words to the target readers. This translation process supports Nida and Taber's (1969), which consists of three main stages: analyzing message from the grammatical structure of the source language to get the meaning of words, transferring the meaning from SL into TL, and restructuring the message in target language so that it is accepted and equivalent with the target language. Although the translator has neither educational background of literature nor translation studies -his translation skills are autodidact (personal communication, June 2015) -he could apply the same process of translation as proposed by Nida and Taber.
The results of this study also support and add to the findings of Abbas (2002) in terms of the missing cultural aspects in the target texts. He reported that inappropriate translation procedures and linguitic mistakes may result in missing cultural aspects of the source texts in the target texts. Another potential factor, as revealed from this present study, is the cultural background of the translator. Mr. Susanto comes from Medan which has different culture from Minangkabau. He may not quite familiar with Minangkabau cultures when translated Salah Asuhan novel (Personal communication, July 2015). As a result, the nuance of the story in the translation version of Salah Asuhan novel is affected by the missing cultural aspects. However, in general the flow of the story is not obstructed.

Conclusions and Recommendations
The findings of this study showed that the Indonesian cultural words in the Salah Asuhan novel were dominated by words related to material culture and social culture. Cultural Equivalence was the most frequent translation procedure used in translating those cultural words. The translator tends to be oriented to the target readers because he translated the cultural words in a way that is acceptable and readable by the target readers. Consequently, the cultural aspect from the source texts is somewhat missing. However, the cultural words were translated in the way that could not obstruct the flow of the story. To preserve the cultural words without distracting the translated texts, it is suggested to provide a glossary giving explanation of the cultural words.
For further research with similar topic, getting feedback from the target readers about the translation of the cultural words will be valuable to evaluate the quality of the translation results. Moreover, to evaluate whether the selection of translation procedures is appropriate or not, the evaluation parameters may include the purpose of translation itself, the intended readers, text types, etc., (Nida, 2004, as cited in Wan-jun & Yuan, 2007.
Note: ST = Source Text; TT= Target Text