The Circumstantial Relational Process Clauses in Scientific Texts in the Framework of SFL

This paper will present the results of the study of circumstantial relational process clauses in scientific texts, especially in mechanical engineering ones. This study is aimed to identify the relational process occurring in Circumstantial relational process clauses and analyze the lexical verbs realizing the relational processes. To conduct the study, three mechanical engineering textbooks used as references by Mechanical Engineering Students of Politeknik Negeri Bandung (Polban) were used as the source for collecting the data. The method used in this study was qualitative one and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework was applied to analyze the data. The results showed attributive relational process occur more frequently than identifying one. The attributive relational process was realized by various lexical verbs. The account of this will be presented in the rest of the his paper.


INTRODUCTION
Relational process is one of the primary processes in Transitivity system. It is dominantly found in scientific texts (Martin, 1992) and it serves to characterize and to identify as stated by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004;2014). This suggests that there are two types of relational process: attributive and identifying ones. The clauses below are the examples of both kinds of the relational process.

2)
Mary is the leader of the class.
another participant (Mary) in the clause. Thus, it could be seen that although the processes are realized by the same lexical verb, they give different meanings to the clauses they belong to.
Furthermore, both types of the relational processes occur in three categories of relational processes clauses. They are intensive, possessive, and circumstantial relational process clauses as listed by Halliday (1994). Since this paper concerns with the third category of the clauses, the other two types of the clauses will not be discussed here.
Circumstantial relational process clauses are different from the other two clauses.
Unlike the firts two types of relational process clauses whose both of their participants are realized by nominal group, circumstantial relational process clause has one participant realized by a circumstantial element. But the circumstantial element may also be manifested by the process as stated by Halliday and Matthiessen ( (M.A.K Halliday and Christian M.I. M Matthiessen, 2004) (Berg, 2017(Berg, )20042014). Supporting this, Eggins (2005) exemplified the clauses below. 3) The bomb was in her luggage.

The bomb was in her luggage
Carrier Process: attributive Attribute

4)
The operation lasted one hour.

The operation lasted one hour
Carrier Process: attributive Attribute Both of the clauses above belong to circumstantial relational process clauses operating on attributive mode. However, the circumstantial element in clause 3) is represented by Attribute while in clause 4), the circumstantial element is manifested by the process. Concerning with this type of relational process clause which found in scientific texts, this paper aims to answer the following questions.
 What type of relational process is dominated in circumstantial relational process clauses found in scientific in scientific texts?
 What lexical verbs do realize the relational process in circumstantial relational process clauses found in scientific in scientific texts?
 What types of circumstantial element realize the participant of the circumstantial relational process clauses occurring in scientific texts?

Scientific Texts
Scientific texts can be easily distinguished from other types of texts. They have special features. First, they are realized by scientific language which is free from bias as stated by Reeves (2005). Second, scientific language is realized by special lexicogrammar (Halliday, 1993). The lexicogrammar does not only become the characteristic of scientific texts but also the obstacle for learners to understand the texts. Third, Martin (1992) specified that texts with special register, such as science are dominated by identifying relational process which occurs in relational process clauses. One type of relational process clauses is called circumstantial relational process clause because it contains circumstantial elements.

Circumstantial elements
Circumstantial elements may be viewed from two points: structure and semantic.

Circumstantial relational process clauses: their characteristics
Like other types of relational process clauses, circumstantial relational process clause also operates on two types of relational processes: attributive and identifying. Each of them possesses its own characteristics as listed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014).
Circumstantial relational process clause operating on attributive mode has characteristics as follows.
 The participants involved in the clause are Carrier and Attribute.
 Carrier is realized by nominal group but Attribute is realized by prepositional phrase or by nominal group.
 The circumstantial element may be construed in Attribute or in process.
 The clause is not reversible.
Here However, in clause 6), circumstantial element is manifested by the relational process which is realized by verb concerns. Whereas Attribute functioning as matter is realized by nominal group. Thus, circumstantial element is not only construed by Attribute but also by process.
Meanwhile, identifying circumstantial relational process clause own some properties.
 The inherent participants involved in this kind of clause are Token -Value.
 Token is commonly realized by nominal group as in attributive clause and Value may be realized by the same structure as Attribute serving one of the circumstantial elements listed in Table 1.  The circumstantial element may be manifested either by Value or by process.
 The clause has reversible version.

7)
Tomorrow is the tenth. Clause 7) and 8) are circumstantial relational process clauses operating on identifying mode. The former clause has identifying process realized by lexical verb be.
Consequently, the circumstantial element is realized by Value which is nominal group.
This nominal group serves circumstantial meaning of Time. Whereas in clause 8), the circumstantial element is construed by the process realized by lexical verb circles. This verb informs about Manner, a type of circumstantial element. Working on identifying mode, both of these clauses can be reversed without changing the meaning. They become: The tenth is tomorrow and The Village is circled by a bikeway.

METHODOLOGY
Method used in this study is a qualitative method in which quality is important. The data taken from the textbooks were analysed descriptively based on the approach discussed above. First, all circumstantial relational process clauses were selected. Then, the selected clauses were classified according to the relational process they own. After that, the classified data were categorized in terms of the type of circumstantial elements. The clauses were analyzed based on circumstantial element realizing the participant. Finally, the conclusion was drawn. The stages of the data analysis are illustrated in the figure below.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 45 circumstantial relational process clauses were found. 44 clauses operate on attributive relational process and only one clause which operates on identifying mode. The attributive relational process is realized by seven lexical verbs while identifying one is realized only by single lexical verb (Figure 3.).

All cirucumstantial clauses were selected
The clauses were classified based on the types of relational process The classified data were categorized in terms of the type of circumstantial element The clauses were analyzed according to circumstantial element realizing the participant  verbs. Further discussion to answer the research questions previously formulated is presented below. .

Circumstantial relational process clause: circumstantial element of Purpose
As previously presented, attributive relational process is the kind of process occuring the most frequently. The process is dominantly realized by lexical verb use.
There are 33 clauses containing this verb. The clauses containing this verb tend to have Attribute realized by circumstantial element of Purpose and Guise (Figure 4.). The circumstantial element of Purpose may be realized either by prepositional phrase containing preposition to as in clause 1. -3. or preposition for as in clauses 4. -5. When the prepositional phrase is initiated by preposition to, it is followed by invinitive verb.
When it begins with preposition for, the verb that follows should be in gerund or in ingform. This can be seen clearly in the following table of analysis. To harden the steel is the purpose of quenching.

Circumstantial relational process clause: circumstantial element of Guise
Besides, circumstantial clause operating on attributive mode realized by lexical verb use may also have Attribute realized by circumstantial element of Guise as in clause 7. Unlike the previous data, the circumstantial element of Guise is realized by adverbial group. To probe the clause, the question "What are Ceramics used as" is applied. The answer is "thermal barrier coatings" which can be found in Attribute. This can be seen clearly in the Circumstantial relational process clause: circumstantial element of Means The following clauses are circumstantial relational process clauses which have attributive relational process. The attributive relational process is realized by lexical verbs support (8-9) and assemble (10)

CONCLUSION
Having presented the discussion of circumstantial relational process clauses in scientific texts above, it can be drawn some conclusions. First, circumstantial relational process clauses dominantly operate on attributive mode. The attributive relational process is realized by lexical verbs use, serve, support, hold, attach, fasten, bolt and assemble.
The majority of attributive relational process is realized by lexical verb use. Whereas identifying relational process is realized by single lexical verb, that is be. It is also found that there are four types of circumstantial element which represent Attribute. They are circumstantial element of Purpose, Means, Guise, and Place, among which Purpose has the most frequent occurance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is based on the research funded by Polban under contract number