Strategies Used in Translating Idioms in the Iron Man Movie

The strategies used by translators will have impact on transferring meaning of idioms. The strategies chosen may also have relatioship with the type of idioms.The theory of four strategies of translation has been used by a number researhers in their study about idiom translation. However, these four strategies cannot accomodate to identify all the strategies applied by the translators of the subtitle of Iron Man film. This study aims to identify the types of idioms in the Iron Man film and investigate the strategies applied by two translators, in the Indonesian subtitle in the film of the original CD by Marvel and that is from a website subscene.com. The identification of idioms in the film is based on the theory by Makkai (1972). While the categorization of the idioms is based on the theory by Fernando (1996). The theories proposed by Baker (1992) and Molina & Albir (2002) are used in analyzing the translation strategies of the idioms. The results shows there are 130 idioms classified into pure idioms (25%), semi idioms (23%) and literal idioms (51%). The most frequent strategy applied is paraphrasing both in the subtitle from the original CD by Marvel (77.6%) and from a website subscene.com (82.2%). Literal translations are also applied, showing the lack of translation competencies of the translators which potentially causes poor translation quality which resulted from the subtitling demand.


INTRODUCTION
It is obvious that subtitles are supposed to help spectators understand the movie stories including all the dialogues. However, in a number of cases, due to the translator's skill, the accuracy and the acceptability of the translation is still questionable and may lead to the possibility of losing the meaning of the story. Moreover, the dialogues involve idiomatic expressions which naturally require the right strategy to translate. To complicate more, subtitling also necessitates condensation and synchronicity making it higher challenge for the translator to maintain the closest possible understanding. This has become a problem which seems to occur in subtitling of The Iron Man movie which contains a wide range of idioms used by the main character protagonist, Tony Stark, who is portrayed as a sarcastic and witty character. competency of source language and target language, good cultural knowledge, and the strategies in translating the idioms in order to transfer the message. The translators must pay attention to the cultural aspect and meaning when transferring the message from the source language into the target language. The translators should replace the idioms with target language equivalence without changing what the original writer means. The above five articles have something in common in the way that they identify the strategy in translating idioms. The most dominant strategy found, particularly in the second and the last articles, is the omission concluding that the safest possible way is not to translate especially the pure idioms or the type in figurative language which is culturally bound expressions. This manner shows that the translators are trying to be on the safe side given that the spectators are provided with the scenes and the context captured so that the dialogues make sense rather than distorted by inaccurate subtitles.
These five studies also imply that idiom carries cultural depth and that careful strategy should be applied. Nevertheless they have not shown the types of deviations commonly occurring given that there are restrictions in the subtitling strategy.

Purpose
Firstly, the present research, apart from identifying the strategies of translating idioms, attempts to discuss the potential distorted meaning even if the "safe" translation strategy dominates such as literal translation for some of the phrasal verbs. Secondly, the study tries to also investigate whether the deviation has been caused by the subtitling demand which involves among others condensation and synchronicity which is called dynamic equivalence as proposed by Melanova (2015).

LITERATURE REVIEW Translation
There have been common notions that, fundamentally, translation refers to rendering the meaning and the message which is re-exposed in the target language. In addition, the theorists also assert that the stronger the message is culturally bound the more complicated the strategy will be in order to maintain the meaning as closest as possible. To translate idioms Mona Baker (1992) proposed the following strategies as follows: a) Using similar meaning and form (SMF) in which the translator use a target langage idiom which has the same meaning and lexical item. b) Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (SMDF) in which the translator uses an idiom with the same meaning, but different lexical items. c) Using a paraphrase which is commonly used in case the translator could not find any equivalent idiom in the target language, and the translator uses different lexical and/or style.
Mona Baker (1992) proposed four strategies for translating idioms, that has been used by a number of researhers in their study about idiom translation. However, these four strategies cannot accomodate to identify all the strategies applied by the translators of the subtitle of Iron Man film; the translators also use literal tanslation. (Molina & Albir, 2002).

Idiom and Translation
It has been a common understanding that idiomatic expressions derive from daily and casual language as opposed to formal and academic language. Thus, this is related the frequent involvement of cultural aspects (history, geography and the likes). Xiao Geng, in his 2009 paper An Analysis of the Cultural Phenomena explains: Idioms reflect the environment, life, history and culture of the native speakers, closely associated with their innermost spirit and feelings. Idioms have so close relationship with historical background, economy, geographical environment, custom, etc. of the nation concerned that they more typically represent the cultural characteristics of a language than words. (https://lingo-star.com/idiomslanguage-through-culture/, retrieved 09.32, Friday 31/01/20) Understanding idioms means understanding the underlying aspects of the expressions and this requires deeper knowledge on all the above mentioned aspects of the society and the environment. In the context of second or foreign language users, this may lead to the gaps or missing logic if perceived or interfered by the cultural background of the users. Thus, in the case of translation, idioms require certain process.
Most of the study about idiom translation focuses on one or two problems out of the three problems: categorizing types of idioms, categoring translation strategies, and analyzing the quality of translation. For example, the first source Arumsari (2013) does not categorize the idioms, Fachrizal (2018) and Fadhillah (2017) do not assess the quality of the translation, and Pratama (2016) does not examine the translation strategies. This study identifies idioms and categorizes types of idioms, and analysing strategies applied by two different translators using the theory by Baker (1992) and literal tranlation from Molina and Albir (2002).
Mona Baker (1992) proposed four strategies for translating idioms, that has been used by many researhers in their study about idiom translation. However, these four strategies cannot accomodate to identify all the strategies applied by the translators of the subtitle of Iron Man film; the translators also use literal tanslation.
Translation is the process of transferring a message from one language into another language, which consists of meaning and style (Nida, 1969). To translate idioms Mona Baker (1992)  Literal idiom which is usually less complex than the other two types of idiom. Although the expression is familiar, it is easier to understand.

Translation in Subtitling
Malenova (2015) basically states that subtitling, given that it belongs to multimodality bilingual communication, involves aspects which complicate the techniques for the purpose of fast capture and synchronized with the dialogues, yet accurate content.
Thus, he suggests that the translation be more dynamic: In other words, we can say that the formal equivalence is a kind of "word-toword" translation or "text-oriented translation". Dynamic equivalence can be reached by providing the definite influence upon the target text addressee and getting the definite response, which will tend to be the same as the response of the source text addressee. (Melanova, 2015(Melanova, : 2892 The challenge that is faced by subtitle translators refers to the strategy to "win both" the accuracy and the dynamic equivalence of the aspects as above mentioned. The study, however, shows that it is still hard to "win both" but they still have to maintain the flow of the story in the movie as closest to the original storyline.

METHODOLOGY
This study is a qualitative research. The subject is the translation of idiomatic expressions in the English subtitle of the Iron Man film and the object is the translated idiomatic expressions in the Indonesian subtitle from official CD and free subtitle downloaded from a website called subscene.com translated by LuckMan. The data has been gathered through the identification and classification of idioms proposed by Makkai (1972).
In analyzing the data, the first step is finding the meaning of idiomatic expressions in the film by using Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and online dictionary as

DISCUSSION
There are 130 idioms that can be found in the Iron Man film. The theory from Fernando (1996) was used in order to categorize the idioms based on its form. The table shows that there are three types of idioms used in the Iron Man film. From 130 idioms found in the film, the most dominant type of idiom from the film is literal idiom with 66 idioms (51%), followed by pure idiom with 33 idioms (25%) and the last is semi-idiom with 30 idioms (24%).

Translation Strategies
There are five strategies identified in the subtitle as show in the table below. subscene.com. The most used strategy is translation by paraphrase in the subtitle with 82.3%. Next is SMDF with 6.2%, followed by literal translation with 5.4%, then SMF with 3.9%, and the least used strategy is translation by omission with 2.3%.
Thus, the most frequent strategy is translation by paraphrase both in the subtitle from original CD by Marvel (77.6%) and from a website called subscene.com (82.2%).
Paraphrasing in translation requires longer process which involves paraphrasing in the original language before the meaning is rendered and put it into the target language.
However, in the case of the subtitling translation in this study, it is clear that this strategy is the "safest". In addition, the dynamic equivalence which must concord the synchronicity and very limited time frame of capture. Indonesia, the meaning of the idiom might be lost or not acceptable in the target language, especially in translating pure idiom and semi idiom. If the translator could not find any target language idiom equivalent, s/he could use paraphrase rather than translated it literally which results in meaning and cultural loss.
This conclusion is applicable in the case of idioms and culturally-specific expressions. In other words, if direct equivalents for idioms or cultural expressions are not available, "omission" would be used as another strategy for target audience.
Furthermore, it can be inferred that this research can aid translating movies, idioms, and cultural expressions, using equivalents from the TL in an effective and acceptable way.